Евгений Калибров

function makeTable(data) {
  data = data.join('').split('');

  let width = Math.sqrt(data.length) | 0;
  let height = (data.length / width) | 0;

  while (width * height !== data.length) {
    width--;
    height = (data.length / width) | 0;
  }

  const position = [ 0, 0 ];
  const directions = [
    [  1,  0 ],
    [  0,  1 ],
    [ -1,  0 ],
    [  0, -1 ],
  ];
  let direction = 0;

  const result = Array.from({ length: height }, n => Array(width).fill(null));

  for (const n of data) {
    result[position[1]][position[0]] = n;

    if (null !== (result[position[1] + directions[direction][1]] || {})[position[0] + directions[direction][0]]) {
      direction = (direction + 1) % directions.length;
    }

    position[0] += directions[direction][0];
    position[1] += directions[direction][1];
  }

  return result.map(n => n.join(' ')).join('\n');
}

console.log(makeTable([ 'раз', 'два', 'три' ])); /*
р а з
р и д
т а в
*/
console.log(makeTable([ 'один', 'два', 'три', 'четыре' ])); /*
о д и н
е т ы д
ч е р в
и р т а
*/
console.log(makeTable([ 'hello', ',', ' ', 'world', '!!' ])); /*
h e
! l
! l
d o
l ,
r  
o w
*/