$teachers = Teachers::find()->with('disciplines')->all();
<?php foreach ($teachers as $teacher): ?>
<tr>
<td><?= $teacher->FIO ?></td>
<td>
<ul>
<?php foreach ($teacher->disciplines as $d): ?>
<li><?php echo $d->name; ?></li>
<? endforeach;?>
</ul>
</td>
<td><?= $teacher->classes_subject ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->lead_practice ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->lead_krb ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->lead_magist ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->ped_practices ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->job_gak ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->jobs_zav_kaf ?></td>
<td><?= $teacher->lead_aspir ?></td>
</tr>
<?php endforeach; ?>
Примерно так. Под капотом, правда, inner join не будет делаться, но вам оно зачем? Если with(relationName) напишите, то работать будет нормально.