Например так:
create table types (
id int auto_increment primary key,
title varchar(255)
);
insert into types (title) values ('Одежда');
create table categories (
id int auto_increment primary key,
type_id int,
title varchar(255),
foreign key (type_id) references types(id)
);
insert into categories (type_id, title) values (1, 'Брюки'), (1, 'Рубашки');
create table goods (
id int auto_increment primary key,
category_id int,
title varchar(255),
foreign key goods_category (category_id) references categories(id)
);
insert into goods (category_id, title) values (1, 'Брюки мужские'), (2, 'Рубашка поло спорт');
select
goods.id,
types.title as type,
categories.title as category,
goods.title
from goods
join categories on goods.category_id = categories.id
join types on categories.type_id = types.id
;
выполнить SQL запрос 
