Nginx + php-fpm file not found почему?

Нет, не помогает. Все так же.

Роман Радич, замените свой location на это

location ~ \.php$ {
   try_files $uri =404;
   fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
   fastcgi_index index.php;
   include fastcgi_params;
   fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
}

Denis Michurin, Теперь выдает 404 Not Found.

Роман Радич, nginx и php-fpm передерните

Перезапускал и даже кеш в браузере почистил.

А если? :
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;

Роман Радич, а настройки php-fpm узнать можно?

Можно. Вот мойphp.ini.
И еще вопрос если можно. Я же правильно понимаю, что если у меня настроено перенаправление (rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?url=$1;) на index.php, то даже когда я набираю в адресной строке несуществующий файл, например education.clouder.xyz/nofile.php меня все равно должно перенаправить на index.php, в независимости от того существует такой файл или нет?

Роман Радич, не то нужен файлик www.conf из папки fpm
Да правильно

В папке fpm есть файл php-fpm.conf, а www.conf в подпапке pool.d. www.conf не влезает в комментарии. тут
php-fpm.conf

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; FPM Configuration ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

; All relative paths in this configuration file are relative to PHP's install
; prefix (/usr). This prefix can be dynamically changed by using the
; '-p' argument from the command line.

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Global Options ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

[global]
; Pid file
; Note: the default prefix is /var
; Default Value: none
pid = /run/php/php7.0-fpm.pid

; Error log file
; If it's set to "syslog", log is sent to syslogd instead of being written
; in a local file.
; Note: the default prefix is /var
; Default Value: log/php-fpm.log
error_log = /var/log/php7.0-fpm.log

; syslog_facility is used to specify what type of program is logging the
; message. This lets syslogd specify that messages from different facilities
; will be handled differently.
; See syslog(3) for possible values (ex daemon equiv LOG_DAEMON)
; Default Value: daemon
;syslog.facility = daemon

; syslog_ident is prepended to every message. If you have multiple FPM
; instances running on the same server, you can change the default value
; which must suit common needs.
; Default Value: php-fpm
;syslog.ident = php-fpm

; Log level
; Possible Values: alert, error, warning, notice, debug
; Default Value: notice
;log_level = notice

; If this number of child processes exit with SIGSEGV or SIGBUS within the time
; interval set by emergency_restart_interval then FPM will restart. A value
; of '0' means 'Off'.
; Default Value: 0
;emergency_restart_threshold = 0

; Interval of time used by emergency_restart_interval to determine when
; a graceful restart will be initiated.  This can be useful to work around
; accidental corruptions in an accelerator's shared memory.
; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default Value: 0
;emergency_restart_interval = 0

; Time limit for child processes to wait for a reaction on signals from master.
; Available units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours), or d(ays)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default Value: 0
;process_control_timeout = 0

; The maximum number of processes FPM will fork. This has been design to control
; the global number of processes when using dynamic PM within a lot of pools.
; Use it with caution.
; Note: A value of 0 indicates no limit
; Default Value: 0
; process.max = 128

; Specify the nice(2) priority to apply to the master process (only if set)
; The value can vary from -19 (highest priority) to 20 (lower priority)
; Note: - It will only work if the FPM master process is launched as root
;       - The pool process will inherit the master process priority
;         unless it specified otherwise
; Default Value: no set
; process.priority = -19

; Send FPM to background. Set to 'no' to keep FPM in foreground for debugging.
; Default Value: yes
;daemonize = yes

; Set open file descriptor rlimit for the master process.
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_files = 1024

; Set max core size rlimit for the master process.
; Possible Values: 'unlimited' or an integer greater or equal to 0
; Default Value: system defined value
;rlimit_core = 0

; Specify the event mechanism FPM will use. The following is available:
; - select     (any POSIX os)
; - poll       (any POSIX os)
; - epoll      (linux >= 2.5.44)
; - kqueue     (FreeBSD >= 4.1, OpenBSD >= 2.9, NetBSD >= 2.0)
; - /dev/poll  (Solaris >= 7)
; - port       (Solaris >= 10)
; Default Value: not set (auto detection)
;events.mechanism = epoll

; When FPM is build with systemd integration, specify the interval,
; in second, between health report notification to systemd.
; Set to 0 to disable.
; Available Units: s(econds), m(inutes), h(ours)
; Default Unit: seconds
; Default value: 10
;systemd_interval = 10

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
; Pool Definitions ;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

; Multiple pools of child processes may be started with different listening
; ports and different management options.  The name of the pool will be
; used in logs and stats. There is no limitation on the number of pools which
; FPM can handle. Your system will tell you anyway :)

; Include one or more files. If glob(3) exists, it is used to include a bunch of
; files from a glob(3) pattern. This directive can be used everywhere in the
; file.
; Relative path can also be used. They will be prefixed by:
;  - the global prefix if it's been set (-p argument)
;  - /usr otherwise
include=/etc/php/7.0/fpm/pool.d/*.conf

Роман Радич, конфиг правильный, отлючите на время реврайт и проверьте

Отключил.

server{
        listen  80;
        server_name  education.clouder.xyz;
        root   /var/www/education/;
        index index.html index.htm index.php;

        location / {
                try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
                #rewrite ^(.+)$ /index.php?url=$1;
        }

        location ~ \.php(?:$|/) {
                fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(/.+)$;
                include fastcgi_params;
                fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
                fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
                fastcgi_param modHeadersAvailable true; #Avoid sending the security headers twice
                fastcgi_intercept_errors on;
        }
}

Теперь при заходе на education.clouder.xyz chrome скачивает php файл, edge показывает php код.

Роман Радич, а fpm не подключили
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;

Подключил fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php7.0-fpm.sock;
Отрабатывает нормально php файлы. Не существующие как положено страница с 404.
При подключении rewrite опять index.php нормально отрабатывает, остальные с php расширением file not found.

В место rewrite прописал
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php;
так же file not found.

Роман Радич, а что вы хотите добиться реврайтами?

Единой точки входа для приложения.