Берёте номер текущего дня недели и проводите простую математику
//dayOfWeek returns a number between 0 (sunday) and 6 (saturday)
$dayOfTheWeek = Carbon::now()->dayOfWeek;
//dayOfWeekIso returns a number between 1 (monday) and 7 (sunday)
$dayOfWeekIso = Carbon::now()->dayOfWeekIso;
<?php
$weekMap = [
1 => 'Пн',
2 => 'Вт',
3 => 'Ср',
4 => 'Чт',
5 => 'Пт',
6 => 'Сб',
7 => 'Вс',
];
//$dayOfWeekIso = Carbon::now()->dayOfWeekIso;
$dayOfWeekIso = 2;
print_r(array_filter($weekMap, function($k) use ($dayOfWeekIso) {
return $k > $dayOfWeekIso;
}, ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY));
/*
Array
(
[3] => Ср
[4] => Чт
[5] => Пт
[6] => Сб
[7] => Вс
)
*/