Как-то так:
<?php declare(strict_types=1);
$input = '->11гe+20∆∆A+4µcњil->5•Ћ®†Ѓ p+5f-7Ќ¬f pro+10g+1悦ra->58->44m+1*m+2a喜er!';
class Decoder
{
private $position = 0;
private $output = '';
private $state;
private const STATE_FREE = 'processFree';
private const STATE_MINUS = 'processMinus';
private const STATE_READ_NUMBER = 'processReadNumber';
private const METHOD_GO = 'goStack';
private const METHOD_SKIP_RIGHT = 'skipStackRight';
private const METHOD_SKIP_LEFT = 'skipStackLeft';
private $stack;
private $method;
public function decode(string $input): string
{
$this->position = 0;
$this->output = '';
$this->state = self::STATE_FREE;
$length = mb_strlen($input, 'UTF-8');
while ($this->position < $length){
$symbol = mb_substr($input, $this->position, 1, 'UTF-8');
$this->{$this->state}($symbol);
}
return $this->output;
}
private function processFree(string $symbol): void
{
switch ($symbol){
case '-':
$this->state = self::STATE_MINUS;
break;
case '+':
$this->method = self::METHOD_SKIP_RIGHT;
$this->state = self::STATE_READ_NUMBER;
break;
default:
$this->output .= $symbol;
break;
}
$this->position++;
}
private function processMinus(string $symbol): void
{
if($symbol === '>'){
$this->method = self::METHOD_GO;
$this->state = self::STATE_READ_NUMBER;
$this->position++;
return;
}
$this->method = self::METHOD_SKIP_LEFT;
$this->state = self::STATE_READ_NUMBER;
}
private function processReadNumber(string $symbol): void
{
if($this->isNumber($symbol)){
$this->stack .= $symbol;
$this->position++;
return;
}
if($this->stack === null){
throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Method has\'t number argument at position: '.$this->position);
}
$this->{$this->method}((int)$this->stack);
$this->stack = null;
$this->method = null;
$this->state = self::STATE_FREE;
}
private function isNumber(string $symbol): bool
{
return !!preg_match('#[0-9]#',$symbol);
}
private function goStack(int $arg): void
{
$this->position = $arg;
}
private function skipStackRight(int $arg): void
{
$this->position += $arg;
}
private function skipStackLeft(int $arg): void
{
$this->position -= $arg;
}
}
$out = (new Decoder())->decode($input);
echo $out;
Собственно, у вас есть набор правил и состояний. Начинаете считывать по одному символу и в зависимости от текущего состояния производите дальнейшие действия - меняете состояние, сохраняете символ, организуете переход. Почитайте про конечные автоматы.