Для уникальных пар (user_id, thing_id) - через GROUP BY и HAVING, для неуникальных:
SELECT `t1`.`think_id`, `t1`.`user_id`, `t2`.`user_id`
FROM `table` AS `t1`
JOIN `table` AS `t2` ON `t1`.`user_id` = :user1 AND `t2`.`user_id` = :user2
AND `t2`.`think_id` = `t1`.`think_id`