SELECT `t`.`id_thing`, `t`.`data`, JSON_ARRAYAGG(`n`.`note`) AS `all_notes`
FROM `things` AS `t`
LEFT JOIN `notes` AS `n` ON `n`.`id_thing` = `t`.`id_thing`
GROUP BY `t`.`id_thing`, `t`.`data`
SELECT things.id_thing, things.data, GROUP_CONCAT(note) notes
FROM things
LEFT JOIN notes USING(id_thing)
GROUP BY things.id_thing, things.data
;