Slava Rozhnev

В таблице баланса ограничиваете возможность отрицательных значений

create table user_balance (
	user_id int,
  	balance decimal(9, 2) check (balance >=0)
);

create table user_balance_unsigned (
	user_id int,
  	balance decimal(9, 2) unsigned
);

любая попытка списать больше чем баланс вызывает ошибку

SQL online environment

<?php
function myRound($n) {
	$d = (int)log10($n) - 1;
	return ceil($n/10**$d) * 10**$d;
}

PHP online environment

<?php

$query = "SELECT COUNT(*) cnt FROM sakila.actor;";

// get DB version using PDO
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($query);
$stmt->execute();
$count = $stmt->fetchColumn();

printf("Count rows in table actor is: %d", $count);

PHP editor online

Как минимум вынесите из цикла array_column($arr1, 'url')

$url1arr = array_column($arr1, 'url');

foreach ($arr2 as $arr2s) {
    $key = null;
    $key = array_search( $arr2s['url'] , $url1arr );  
    //Если не нашел будет действие
    if ( $key == false) {
    var_dump ($arr2s);
    }
}

а лучше так:

$url1arr = array_column($arr1, 'url', 'url');

foreach ($arr2 as $arr2s) {
    //Если не нашел будет действие
    if (!isset($url1arr[$arr2s['url']])) {
    	var_dump ($arr2s);
    }
}

PHP editor online

WITH RECURSIVE tmp AS (
    SELECT REPORT_DATE rdate FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE ODK_INT_rep_p2id IN ( 
    SELECT nvl((SELECT ODK_INT_rep_p2id FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE TYPE = 2 AND report_date = (SELECT report_date FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE ODK_INT_rep_p2id = (SELECT max(ODK_REP_P2ID) FROM odk_svodka_skc2))),
       (SELECT ODK_INT_rep_p2id FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE TYPE = 2 AND report_date = (SELECT report_date 
        FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE ODK_INT_rep_p2id = (SELECT max(ODK_INT_rep_p2id) AS ODK_INT_rep_p2id 
        FROM ODK_INT_rep_p2 WHERE TYPE = 1 AND trunc(report_date)= trunc(current_timestamp))))) AS id1
         FROM
 dual)),
 WITH cte_months (day) AS (	
...   
 )

select 
  date_trunc('month', data), 
  login, 
  value, 
  sum (value) over (
	partition by login,  date_trunc('month', data)
	order by data rows between unbounded preceding and current row
  ) as lag_value 
from 
  t1;

SQL online editor

create or replace function trunc (x timestamp) 
returns date 
language plpgsql as $function$ 
begin 
	return date_trunc('year', to_date((to_char(coalesce($1, current_timestamp), 'YYYY-MM-DD')), 'YYYY-MM-DD'));
end
$function$;

SQL editor online

^\.([a-z]+-?)+$

On Laravel side:

return response('Something went wrong', 500)->header('Content-Type', 'text/plain');

Для выбора строк по части строки используйте оператор LIKE.
Для предотвращения SQL-инъекций используйте подготовленные операторы

$gorod = 'Moscow';
$query = "SELECT * FROM my WHERE gorod LIKE ?";

// get DB data using PDO
$stmt = $pdo->prepare($query);

$filter = "%$gorod%";
$stmt->execute([$filter]);

$rows = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

print_r($rows);

PHP editor online