Mishytca

Таймауты - хрень.
Самый быстрый неблокирующий способ будет на генераторах, условно так:

const generator = (function* () {
  for (let i = -2e9; i < 2e9; i++) {
    yield console.log(i);           
  }
}());

while(!generator.next().done);

Только на моей машине скорость лога 10 - 20 в мс, что в итоге должно занять 2-4 суток.
Ну и браузер скорее всего свалится по out of memory задолго до того, потому что консоль - жирная.
Если не открывать консоль - будет быстрее, и, возможно, даже прокатит.

При таком подходе ваш код занимает 100% времени, а среда выполнения - однопоточная.

Вместо цикла используйте setInterval или setTimeout:

var i = 0;
setInterval(function() {
  document.writeln(i++);
}, 666);

function xxx(i) {
  document.writeln(i);
  setTimeout(xxx, 666, i + 1);
}
xxx(0);

const createPromiseLoop = promises => {
  let index = 0;
  
  const attach = (...args) => {
    promises[index++](...args)
      .then((...args) => attach(...args));
    
    index %= promises.length;
  };
  
  return (...args) => {
    attach(...args);
  };
};

const sleep = (duration = 0) => new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, duration));

const loop = createPromiseLoop([
  (number) => new Promise(async resolve => {
    await sleep(100);
    console.log(`Number plus one. Received: ${number}`);
    resolve(number + 1);
  }),
  (number) => new Promise(async resolve => {
    await sleep(100);
    console.log(`Number multiply two. Received: ${number}`);
    resolve(number * 2);
  }),
]);

loop(1);
/*
'Number plus one. Received: 1'
'Number multiply two. Received: 2'
'Number plus one. Received: 4'
'Number multiply two. Received: 5'
'Number plus one. Received: 10'
'Number multiply two. Received: 11'
'Number plus one. Received: 22'
'Number multiply two. Received: 23'
'Number plus one. Received: 46'
'Number multiply two. Received: 47'
'Number plus one. Received: 94'
'Number multiply two. Received: 95'
'Number plus one. Received: 190'
'Number multiply two. Received: 191'
'Number plus one. Received: 382'
'Number multiply two. Received: 383'
'Number plus one. Received: 766'
'Number multiply two. Received: 767'
'Number plus one. Received: 1534'
'Number multiply two. Received: 1535'
'Number plus one. Received: 3070'
'Number multiply two. Received: 3071'
'Number plus one. Received: 6142'
'Number multiply two. Received: 6143'
'Number plus one. Received: 12286'
'Number multiply two. Received: 12287'
'Number plus one. Received: 24574'
*/

И код никогда не остановится.