Вы можете использовать оконную функцию row_number
create table tbl(id int primary key auto_increment, lang varchar(2));
insert into tbl(lang) values 
('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'),
 ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU'), ('EN'),('ES'),('RU');
 
 
with data as (
  select 
	id, lang, 
	row_number() over (partition by lang order by rand()) rn
  from tbl
) 
select id, lang from data
where rn < 11;
MySQL window function