Foreign Key Usage and Error Information
You can obtain general information about foreign keys and their usage from querying the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE table, and more information more specific to InnoDB tables can be found in the INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN and INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS tables, also in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA database. See also Section 13.1.17.3, “Using FOREIGN KEY Constraints”.
In addition to SHOW ERRORS, in the event of a foreign key error involving InnoDB tables (usually Error 150 in the MySQL Server), you can obtain a detailed explanation of the most recent InnoDB foreign key error by checking the output of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS.