const wrapper = document.createElement('div');
const start = block.querySelector('.start');
for (let el; !(el = start.nextElementSibling).matches('.end'); wrapper.appendChild(el)) ;
start.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', wrapper);
или
const wrapper = document.createElement('div');
const children = [...block.children];
const iStart = children.findIndex(n => n.classList.contains('start'));
const iEnd = children.findIndex(n => n.classList.contains('end'));
wrapper.append(...children.slice(iStart + 1, iEnd));
children[iStart].after(wrapper);