<table style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;">
<div><input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;">
<div><input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;"> </td>
<td style="width: 20%;">
<div><input class="form-check-input" type="checkbox" value="" /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
.active {
background: red;
}
document.querySelector('table').addEventListener('change', ({ target: t }) => {
t.closest('tr').classList.toggle('active', t.checked);
});
// или
document.querySelectorAll('table tr').forEach(function(n) {
n.addEventListener('change', this);
}, e => e.currentTarget.classList.toggle('active', e.target.checked));
tr:has(.form-check-input:checked) {
background: red;
}