Константин Цветков

возрасту…(сегодня)-('birthday')=лет

Это не лет. Возраст вычисляется так:

CAST( DATEDIFF( Year, BirthDay, ISNULL( DeathDay, GETDATE())) + ( SIGN ( DATEDIFF ( DAY, BirthDay, DATEADD ( YEAR, YEAR( BirthDay ) - YEAR( ISNULL( DeathDay, GETDATE()) ), ISNULL( DeathDay, GETDATE())))) - 1 ) / 2 AS VARCHAR)

Есть возможность с помощью LIKE выбрать только целые слова?

(' ' + field + ' ') LIKE '% 088 %'

К примеру, есть 2 таблицы

Это нарушение нормальной формы. Изучение БД, SQL нужно начинать с математики, конкретнее, теории множеств.

select user, activity from table1
union
select user, 0 from table2
order by 1

Почему при другой дате брони дефрагментируются неверно?

Разделите уже день на часы и стройте свой график загрузки.

SELECT `money` AS Today, CAST( NULL AS MONEY) AS Yesterday FROM `table`  WHERE date(`date`) = '2016-08-11'
UNION
SELECT NULL, `money` FROM `table`  WHERE date(`date`) = '2016-08-10'

SELECT 'test' FROM `messages` WHERE `sender`=1 or `receiver`=1 order by time DESC

Подзапрос:

SELECT MAX('id') FROM `messages` WHERE `sender`=1 or `receiver`=1

Принцип диалогов в ВК

Пока вы не приведёте (важнее даже для себя) задачу в терминах БД ничего не получится.

Сейчас я планирую все видео (фильм, сериал) пихать в 1 таблицу с меткой типа.

Все фильмы в одной таблице. По типам распределяется в представлении:

CREATE TABLE [Film](
	[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
	[Heading] [int] NULL,
	[HeadingName] [varchar](20) NULL,
	[HeadingClose] [bit] NULL,
	[SeriesName] [varchar](15) NULL,
	[Series] [smallint] NULL,
	[SeriesDigit] [smallint] NULL,
	[Season] [smallint] NULL,
	[Episode] [smallint] NULL,
	[PartName] [varchar](15) NULL,
	[Part] [smallint] NULL,
	[HeadingNumber]  AS (isnull(isnull([SeriesName]+' ','серия ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Series]),'')+isnull((('s'+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],[Season]),(2)))+'e')+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],[Episode]),(2)),'')),
	[Serias] [smallint] NULL,
	[Article] [varchar](20) NULL,
	[Name] [varchar](200) NULL,
	[NameTranslat] [varchar](200) NULL,
	[Year] [smallint] NULL,
	[Premiere] [smalldatetime] NULL,
	[Country] [varchar](50) NULL,
	[Addition] [varchar](200) NULL,
	[TitleArticleLess]  AS ((([Name]+isnull((' ('+[NameTranslat])+')',''))+isnull((' ['+[Addition])+']',''))+isnull(((', '+isnull([PartName],'часть'))+' ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Part]),'')),
	[TitleBase]  AS ((((isnull([Article]+' ','')+[Name])+isnull((' ('+[NameTranslat])+')',''))+isnull((' ['+[Addition])+']',''))+isnull(((', '+isnull([PartName],'часть'))+' ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Part]),'')),
	[TitleYear]  AS (((((isnull([Article]+' ','')+[Name])+isnull((' ('+[NameTranslat])+')',''))+isnull((' ['+[Addition])+']',''))+isnull(((', '+isnull([PartName],'часть'))+' ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Part]),''))+isnull(' · '+CONVERT([varchar],[Year],(104)),'')),
	[TitleCountry]  AS (((((isnull([Article]+' ','')+[Name])+isnull((' ('+[NameTranslat])+')',''))+isnull((' ['+[Addition])+']',''))+isnull(((', '+isnull([PartName],'часть'))+' ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Part]),''))+isnull(' · '+[Country],'')),
	[TitleYearCountry]  AS ((((((isnull([Article]+' ','')+[Name])+isnull((' ('+[NameTranslat])+')',''))+isnull((' ['+[Addition])+']',''))+isnull(((', '+isnull([PartName],'часть'))+' ')+CONVERT([varchar],[Part]),''))+isnull(' · '+CONVERT([varchar],[Year],(104)),''))+isnull(' · '+[Country],'')),
	[Cover] [image] NULL,
	[Note] [text] NULL,
	[NotWatch] [bit] NULL,
	[LastWatch] [datetime] NULL,
	[DateWatch] [datetime] NULL,
	[WatchDisplay]  AS (isnull('+ '+CONVERT([varchar],[DateWatch],(104)),'')+isnull(case when [DateWatch] IS NULL then CONVERT([varchar],[LastWatch],(104)) else (' ('+CONVERT([varchar],[LastWatch],(104)))+')' end,'')),
	[Range]  AS ((((((isnull(CONVERT([varchar](4),[Year]),'1895')+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],isnull([Series],(0))),(3)))+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],isnull([Season],(0))),(3)))+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],isnull([Episode],(0))),(3)))+isnull(CONVERT([varchar](8),[Premiere],(112)),'00000000'))+right('00'+CONVERT([varchar],isnull([Part],(0))),(3)))+isnull(upper([Name]),'')),
	[SearchValue]  AS (replace(rtrim([Name]),' ','+')),
	[Icon]  AS (CONVERT([bit],isnull(datalength([Note]),(0)),(0))+CONVERT([bit],isnull(datalength([Cover]),(0)),(0))*(2)),
	[AttributeIcon] [bit] NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_Film] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY] TEXTIMAGE_ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [Film] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_Film_AttributeIcon]  DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [AttributeIcon]
GO
ALTER TABLE [Film]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_Film_Film] FOREIGN KEY([Heading])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Film] ([ID])
GO
ALTER TABLE [Film] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_Film_Film]
GO

Всех актеров, команду (режис., сценарист, и т.д.)

Все атрибуты фильма в нескольких таблицах.
Группы атрибутов

CREATE TABLE [FilmAttributeGroup](
	[ID] [smallint] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
	[Name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
	[Person] [bit] NULL,
	[Under] [bit] NULL,
	[Range] [smallint] NOT NULL,
	[Uses] [int] NOT NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_FilmAttributeGroup] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeGroup] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_FilmAttributeGroup_Range]  DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [Range]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeGroup] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_FilmAttributeGroup_Uses]  DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [Uses]
GO

Значения атрибутов

CREATE TABLE [FilmAttributeValue](
	[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
	[Group] [smallint] NOT NULL,
	[Value] [varchar](300) NOT NULL,
	[ValueLeft]  AS (rtrim(case when charindex('(',[Value])>(0) then left([Value],charindex('(',[Value])-(1)) else [Value] end)),
	[ValueRight]  AS (rtrim(case when charindex('(',[Value])>(0) then substring([Value],charindex('(',[Value])+(1),(charindex(')',[Value])-charindex('(',[Value]))-(1))  end)),
	[SearchValue]  AS (replace(rtrim(case when charindex('(',[Value])>(0) then left([Value],charindex('(',[Value])-(1)) else [Value] end),' ','+')),
	[Person] [int] NULL,
	[Equalize] [bit] NOT NULL,
	[Uses] [int] NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_FilmAttributeValue] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeValue] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_FilmAttributeValue_Equalize]  DEFAULT ((1)) FOR [Equalize]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeValue]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttributeValue_FilmAttributeGroup] FOREIGN KEY([Group])
REFERENCES [dbo].[FilmAttributeGroup] ([ID])
ON DELETE CASCADE
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeValue] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttributeValue_FilmAttributeGroup]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeValue]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttributeValue_Person] FOREIGN KEY([Person])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Person] ([ID])
ON DELETE SET NULL
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttributeValue] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttributeValue_Person]
GO

Атрибуты фильма

REATE TABLE [FilmAttribute](
	[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
	[Film] [int] NOT NULL,
	[Attribute] [int] NOT NULL,
	[Addition] [varchar](250) NULL,
	[GroupEdit] [int] NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_FilmAttribute] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttribute]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttribute_Film] FOREIGN KEY([Film])
REFERENCES [dbo].[Film] ([ID])
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttribute] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttribute_Film]
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttribute]  WITH CHECK ADD  CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttribute_FilmAttributeValue] FOREIGN KEY([Attribute])
REFERENCES [dbo].[FilmAttributeValue] ([ID])
GO
ALTER TABLE [FilmAttribute] CHECK CONSTRAINT [FK_FilmAttribute_FilmAttributeValue]
GO

Персоны

CREATE TABLE [Person](
	[ID] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
	[FirstName] [varchar](100) NULL,
	[LastName] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
	[NameRussian] [varchar](200) NULL,
	[BirthDay] [smalldatetime] NULL,
	[BirthPlace] [varchar](100) NULL,
	[DeathDay] [smalldatetime] NULL,
	[DeathPlace] [varchar](100) NULL,
	[Text] [text] NULL,
	[Picture] [image] NULL,
	[Uses] [int] NULL,
	[NameFull]  AS ((isnull([FirstName]+' ','')+ltrim([LastName]))+isnull((' ('+[NameRussian])+')','')),
	[NameOrder]  AS ((ltrim([LastName])+isnull(', '+[FirstName],''))+isnull((' ('+[NameRussian])+')','')),
	[SearchValue]  AS (isnull(replace([FirstName],' ','+')+'+','')+replace([LastName],' ','+')),
	[NoteIcon]  AS (CONVERT([bit],isnull(datalength([Text]),(0)),(0))+CONVERT([bit],isnull(datalength([Picture]),(0)),(0))*(2)),
	[Key]  AS ('P'+CONVERT([varchar],[ID])),
 CONSTRAINT [PK_Performer] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED 
(
	[ID] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY] TEXTIMAGE_ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [Person] ADD  CONSTRAINT [DF_Person_Uses]  DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [Uses]
GO

Но мне теперь еще нужно фильтр articles, что не имеют тега.

SELECT articles.ID, articles.Name
  FROM articles LEFT OUTER JOIN  article_tags ON articles.ID = article_tags.article_id
  WHERE (article_tags.tag_id IS NULL)

tag из перечиня

Создаём таблицу этого перечня.

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[tag_list](
	[ID] [int] NULL,
	[tag_id] [int] NULL
) ON [PRIMARY]

И получаем нужный набор:

SELECT DISTINCT articles.ID, articles.Name
  FROM articles INNER JOIN article_tags ON articles.ID = article_tags.article_id 
                         INNER JOIN tag_list ON article_tags.tag_id = tag_list.tag_id

написать клас на php

Используйте инструментальные средства MS SQL (SSMS или SSDT) и помещайте запрос в хранимую процедуру для сохранения запроса на сервере.

Использовать триггер. Или построить представление.

Правильный ответ:

SELECT TOP (5) [table].Name
  FROM [table] CROSS JOIN [table] AS table_5_more_rows
  WHERE ([table].Name = 'Павел')